Aia i mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana ma luna o ka ili o ka pai huakai kaapuni a ka papa : kapa ole pcb papa (ʻaʻoheʻilikai lapaʻau), OSP, Hot Air hoohaahaaia iho la (kēpau piuta, e alakai-noa piuta), Plating gula, kaiapuni gula etc. mau mea hou i nanaia.
I ka likeʻole ma waena o ke kaiapuni gula, a me ke gula Plating
Kaiapuni gula o ke ano o Nine Inch palapala moʻopane. A Nine Inch, ahu iho ua hana ia e kekahi Nine Inch'okesaside-ka ho'ēmiʻana naoh. Nui, i ka mānoanoa, kŘpa a manoanoa. He Heʻano o Nine Inch nikala-gula-gula, ahu iho palapala moʻopane hana, a ua hiki ke hoʻokō i ka mānoanoa gula, ahu iho.
Gold plating hoʻohana i ka rula o ka electrolysis, i kapa electroplating. No hoi ka hapanui o nā metala ili kūlana kanaka i electroplated. 
In the actual product application, 90% of the gold pcb board is the immersed gold pcb board,because the poor solderability of the plated circuit board is his fatal flaw, and it is also the direct cause of many companies to give up the gold plating process!
Kaiapuni gula kaʻina hana waihoia ma luna o ka ili o ka pai kaapuni papa me ka pilina paʻa kala like 'ole, maikai olinolino, malimali plating, a me ka maikai solderability o nikala gula plating. Holo nōhie ka mea, hiki ke maheleia i eha kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao: mālama '-lapaʻau (aila pōpilikia, anakahi iki-etching, ho'ā hope, lāʻau kū-e hou iho i), nikala kimu, kaumaha gula, lāʻau kū-lapaʻau (wao wai holoi, DI wai holoi, ka maloʻoʻana). Kaiapuni gula mānoanoa mea ma waena o 0.025-0.1um.
Gula ua pili i ka ili iapaau ana o ka pai kaapuni papa no ka mea, o kona kiʻekiʻe uila conductivity, maikai'okesaside ia'ku, a me ka lōʻihi lifespan. Ua Ua nui hoʻohana like kī papa, ke gula manamana pcb papa, etc. ke kumu likeʻole ma waena o ke gula-waihoʻoluʻu paʻa papa a me ke gula-bapetizoia papa mea i ke gula plating mea paakiki. Gula (abrasion hoʻopale), ke gula Ua pahee gula (i kapa hoʻopale). 
1. The crystal structure formed by Immersion Gold and Gold Plating is different. Immersion Gold is much thicker than Gold Plating. Immersion Gold will be golden yellow and yellower than Gold Plating (this is the method of distinguishing between gold plating and heavy gold plating.) a) Gold plating will be slightly white (nickel color).
2. ka aniani 'ole i hanaʻia ma ka puka i ke gula a me ke gula plating mea okoa. Kaiapuni gula ka hiki pono o ka weld ma mua o ke gula plating a e ole i ino kuʻihao. Ke stress o ka papa immerison gula ka hiki pono i ka hooponopono, a me ia mea oi conducive i ka ka ponaʻana kaʻina hana no ka palapala hoopaa me nā huahana. I ka Ia manawa, no ka mea, ke gula Ua oi i ke gula-waihoʻoluʻu paʻa ma mua o ke gula, i ke gula-manamana lima gula manamana lima mea ole wearable (hewa o ka papa gula).
3. Aia i wale nikala-gula ma luna o ka pale i loko o ke gula-bapetizoia pcb papa na peahi EYI i loko o ka ili ia, aole ia e pili i ka hōʻailona ma ke keleawe, ahu iho.
4. kaiapuni gula Ua oi ke kaumaha o ma mua o ke gula plating aniani 'ole, i oluolu i ka paka'okesaside.
5. Me ka māhuahua koi no pai huakai kaapuni a ka papaaaioee pololei, laina laula, spacing ua hiki 0.1mm ma lalo iho nei. Gold plating mea prone ke gula pōkole puni. Ke pā gula wale nō, ua nikala a me ke gula ma luna o ka pale, no laila ia mea i oluolu i ka paka i ke gula pōkole kaapuni.
6. ka puka gula wale nō, ua nikala gula ma luna o ka pale, no laila, ke solder ko oukou pale ana i ka laina ua oi paa palapala hoopaa i ke keleawe, ahu iho. Ka papahana eʻaʻole pili i ka spacing ka wā e uku.
7. No ka mea koi kiʻekiʻe o ka pcb papa, flatness koi i maikaʻi, ka luna pono o ke kaiapuni gula , ano laulā, 'aʻole e hōʻike ma hope o ke anaina kanaka o kaʻeleʻele moena kŰia kaiapuni gula. Ke flatness a me ka hana i ke ola o ka papa gula, ua maikaʻi ma mua ia o ka una honua gula.
No laila, I keia manawa loa nā hale hana e hoʻohana i ka puka gula kaʻina e paka gula pcb papa .However, i ke gula-bapetizoia kaʻina Ua oi pipiʻi ma mua o ke gula-plating kaʻina (oi gula maʻiʻo), no laila, he mea nō he nui helu o haʻahaʻa-ikamu huahana hoʻohana 'ana i ke gula-plating keʻano o ka hanaʻana (e like me kākou e hooponopono Panel, liʻiliʻi papa).